Research Methodology

The working conditions within Emergency Medicine (EM) are unique, and research within EM requires special methodology. Here is a list of references that can help you get started with your research Project. Your suggestions for additional references are welcome.

Carrying Out a Research Project

Bebarta & Cairns (eds), Emergency Care Research, A primer, ACEP 2012.
Clancy MJ. Overview of research designs. Emerg Med J. 2002;19(6):546-9.
Goodacre S. Research methods: beyond the clinical trial. Annals of emergency medicine. 2003;42(1):56-65.
Kendall JM. Designing a research project: randomised controlled trials and their principles. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(2):164-8.
Mann CJ. Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(1):54-60.
Singer AJ, Hollander JE. How to write a manuscript. The Journal of emergency medicine. 2009;36(1):89-93
College of Emergency Medicine, UK: http://secure.collemergencymed.ac.uk/Shop-Floor/Research

Searching the Literature

Serie i Annals of Emergency Medicine: How to find evidence when you need it. OBS publicerad 2002.

Part 1: Databases, search programs, and strategies. Ann Emerg Med 2002 Vol. 39, Issue 3, 302-306.
Part 2: A clinician’s guide to MEDLINE: The basics. Ann Emerg Med 2002, Vol. 39, Issue 4, 436-440.
Part 3: A clinician’s guide to MEDLINE: Tricks and special skills. Ann Emerg Med 2002, Vol. 39, Issue 5, 547-551.
Part 4: Matching clinical questions to appropriate databases. Ann Emerg Med Vol. 42, Issue 1, 136-1.

Theander & Jensen, Att söka i Medline, en kurs för nybörjare. Läkartidningen 2013, 42. http://www.lakartidningen.se/Aktuellt/Kultur/Kultur/2013/10/Snabbkurs-i-Medline-for-nyborjare–/

PubMed tutorial: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmedtutorial/cover.html

Statistics

Driscoll P, Lecky F, Crosby M. An introduction to everyday statistics–1. Journal of accident & emergency medicine. 2000;17(3):205-11.
Driscoll P, Lecky F, Crosby M. An introduction to everyday statistics–2. Journal of accident & emergency medicine. 2000;17(4):274-81.
Driscoll P, Lecky F, Crosby M. An introduction to statistical inference–3. Journal of accident & emergency medicine. 2000;17(5):357-63.
Gaddis ML, Gaddis GM. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 1, Basic concepts. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(1):86-9.
Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 2, Descriptive statistics. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(3):309-15.
Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 3, Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and hypothesis testing. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(5):591-7.
Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 4, statistical inference techniques in hypothesis testing. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(7):820-5.
Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 5, Statistical inference techniques for hypothesis testing with nonparametric data. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(9):1054-9.
Gaddis ML, Gaddis GM. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 6, Correlation and regression. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(12):1462-8.
Carley S, Lecky F. Statistical consideration for research. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(3):258-62.
Stiles, S. Shrink the P Value for Significance, Raise the Bar for Research: A Renewed Call – Medscape – Apr 02, 2018.
Ioannidis, JPA, The Proposal to Lower P Value Thresholds to .005 JAMA. 2018;319(14):1429-1430. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.1536
Leek J, McShane BB, Gelman A, Colquhoun D, Nuijten MB, Goodman SN. Five ways to fix statistics. Nature 2017, 30;551(7682):557-559.

Clinical Trials

Coats TJ. Future research in emergency medicine: explanation or pragmatism? Large or small? Simple or complex? Emerg Med J. 2011.
Jones SE, Brenneis AT. Study design in prehospital trauma advanced life support-basic life support research: a critical review. Annals of emergency medicine. 1991;20(8):857-60.
Maclure M. Explaining pragmatic trials to pragmatic policymakers. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(5):476-8.
Nilsen P. Praktikbaserad forskning kan ge forskningsbaserad praktik. Läkartidningen. 2011;108(36):1672-3.
Rothwell PM. External validity of randomised controlled trials: ”to whom do the results of this trial apply?”. Lancet. 2005;365(9453):82-93.
Schwartz D, Lellouch J. Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. J Chronic Dis. 1967;20(8):637-48.
Treweek S, Zwarenstein M. Making trials matter: pragmatic and explanatory trials and the problem of applicability. Trials. 2009;10:37.
Tunis SR, Stryer DB, Clancy CM. Practical clinical trials: increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy. JAMA. 2003;290(12):1624-32.
Wolfe F, Michaud K. The Hawthorne effect, sponsored trials, and the overestimation of treatment effectiveness. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(11):2216-20.
Zwarenstein M, Treweek S. What kind of randomized trials do we need? J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(5):461-3.
Deaton A & Cartwright N. Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials. Soc Sci Med. 2017 Dec 25. pii: S0277-9536(17)30735-9.

Research Methodology

Angell M. Industry-sponsored clinical research: a broken system. JAMA 2008;300(9):1069-71.
Cooke M, Wilson S. Obstacles to research in A&E. Journal of accident & emergency medicine. 1997;14(4):269.
Ekelund U. Pragmatisk forskning ger bättre praktik. Läkartidningen. 2011 (43).
Serie i The Lancet (publ i jan 2014): Research: Increasing value, reducing waste. http://www.thelancet.com/series/research
Greenhalgh et al, Evidence-based medicine: A movement in crisis? BMJ 2014; 348:g3725.
Allen D & Harkins KJ. Too much guidance? The Lancet 2005:365, May 21, p 1768.
Ioannidis, PA. Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLOS Medicine August 30, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124

Ethics

Nee PA, Griffiths RD. Ethical considerations in accident and emergency research. Emerg Med J. 2002;19(5):423-7.

Research Methodology

The working conditions within Emergency Medicine (EM) are unique, and research within EM requires special methodology. Here is a list of references that can help you get started with your research Project. Your suggestions for additional references are welcome.

Carrying Out a Research Project

Bebarta & Cairns (eds), Emergency Care Research, A primer, ACEP 2012.

Clancy MJ. Overview of research designs. Emerg Med J. 2002;19(6):546-9.

Goodacre S. Research methods: beyond the clinical trial. Annals of emergency medicine. 2003;42(1):56-65.

Kendall JM. Designing a research project: randomised controlled trials and their principles. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(2):164-8.

Mann CJ. Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(1):54-60.

Singer AJ, Hollander JE. How to write a manuscript. The Journal of emergency medicine. 2009;36(1):89-93

College of Emergency Medicine, UK: http://secure.collemergencymed.ac.uk/Shop-Floor/Research

Searching the Literature

Serie i Annals of Emergency Medicine: How to find evidence when you need it. OBS publicerad 2002.

Part 1: Databases, search programs, and strategies. Ann Emerg Med 2002 Vol. 39, Issue 3, 302-306.

Part 2: A clinician’s guide to MEDLINE: The basics. Ann Emerg Med 2002, Vol. 39, Issue 4, 436-440.

Part 3: A clinician’s guide to MEDLINE: Tricks and special skills. Ann Emerg Med 2002, Vol. 39, Issue 5, 547-551.

Part 4: Matching clinical questions to appropriate databases. Ann Emerg Med Vol. 42, Issue 1, 136-1.

Theander & Jensen, Att söka i Medline, en kurs för nybörjare. Läkartidningen 2013, 42. http://www.lakartidningen.se/Aktuellt/Kultur/Kultur/2013/10/Snabbkurs-i-Medline-for-nyborjare–/

PubMed tutorial: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmedtutorial/cover.html

Statistics

Driscoll P, Lecky F, Crosby M. An introduction to everyday statistics–1. Journal of accident & emergency medicine. 2000;17(3):205-11.

Driscoll P, Lecky F, Crosby M. An introduction to everyday statistics–2. Journal of accident & emergency medicine. 2000;17(4):274-81.

Driscoll P, Lecky F, Crosby M. An introduction to statistical inference–3. Journal of accident & emergency medicine. 2000;17(5):357-63.

Gaddis ML, Gaddis GM. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 1, Basic concepts. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(1):86-9.

Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 2, Descriptive statistics. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(3):309-15.

Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 3, Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and hypothesis testing. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(5):591-7.

Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 4, statistical inference techniques in hypothesis testing. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(7):820-5.

Gaddis GM, Gaddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 5, Statistical inference techniques for hypothesis testing with nonparametric data. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(9):1054-9.

Gaddis ML, Gaddis GM. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 6, Correlation and regression. Annals of emergency medicine. 1990;19(12):1462-8.

Carley S, Lecky F. Statistical consideration for research. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(3):258-62.

Stiles, S. Shrink the P Value for Significance, Raise the Bar for Research: A Renewed Call – Medscape – Apr 02, 2018.

Ioannidis, JPA, The Proposal to Lower P Value Thresholds to .005 JAMA. 2018;319(14):1429-1430. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.1536

Leek J, McShane BB, Gelman A, Colquhoun D, Nuijten MB, Goodman SN. Five ways to fix statistics. Nature 2017, 30;551(7682):557-559.

Clinical Trials

Coats TJ. Future research in emergency medicine: explanation or pragmatism? Large or small? Simple or complex? Emerg Med J. 2011.

Jones SE, Brenneis AT. Study design in prehospital trauma advanced life support-basic life support research: a critical review. Annals of emergency medicine. 1991;20(8):857-60.

Maclure M. Explaining pragmatic trials to pragmatic policymakers. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(5):476-8.

Nilsen P. Praktikbaserad forskning kan ge forskningsbaserad praktik. Läkartidningen. 2011;108(36):1672-3.

Rothwell PM. External validity of randomised controlled trials: ”to whom do the results of this trial apply?”. Lancet. 2005;365(9453):82-93.

Schwartz D, Lellouch J. Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. J Chronic Dis. 1967;20(8):637-48.

Treweek S, Zwarenstein M. Making trials matter: pragmatic and explanatory trials and the problem of applicability. Trials. 2009;10:37.

Tunis SR, Stryer DB, Clancy CM. Practical clinical trials: increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy. JAMA. 2003;290(12):1624-32.

Wolfe F, Michaud K. The Hawthorne effect, sponsored trials, and the overestimation of treatment effectiveness. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(11):2216-20.

Zwarenstein M, Treweek S. What kind of randomized trials do we need? J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(5):461-3.

Deaton A & Cartwright N. Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials. Soc Sci Med. 2017 Dec 25. pii: S0277-9536(17)30735-9.

Research Methodology

Angell M. Industry-sponsored clinical research: a broken system. JAMA 2008;300(9):1069-71.

Cooke M, Wilson S. Obstacles to research in A&E. Journal of accident & emergency medicine. 1997;14(4):269.

Ekelund U. Pragmatisk forskning ger bättre praktik. Läkartidningen. 2011 (43).

Serie i The Lancet (publ i jan 2014): Research: Increasing value, reducing waste. http://www.thelancet.com/series/research

Greenhalgh et al, Evidence-based medicine: A movement in crisis? BMJ 2014; 348:g3725.

Allen D & Harkins KJ. Too much guidance? The Lancet 2005:365, May 21, p 1768.

Ioannidis, PA. Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLOS Medicine August 30, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124

Ethics

Nee PA, Griffiths RD. Ethical considerations in accident and emergency research. Emerg Med J. 2002;19(5):423-7.

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